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	<title>Sedimentology &#8211; JOIDES Resolution</title>
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	<description>Science in Search of Earth&#039;s Secrets</description>
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	<title>Sedimentology &#8211; JOIDES Resolution</title>
	<link>https://joidesresolution.org</link>
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		<title>Interesting Finds for Expedition 401</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/interesting-finds-for-expedition-401/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=interesting-finds-for-expedition-401</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Erin Anthony]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Jan 2024 16:12:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cores]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP401]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geochemistry]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=40718</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[As we enter the final two weeks of JOIDES Resolution Expedition 401, we figured it was time to check in...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/interesting-finds-for-expedition-401/" title="Continue reading Interesting Finds for Expedition 401">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As we enter the final two weeks of JOIDES Resolution Expedition 401, we figured it was time to check in with our science team on their expedition highlights to date.</p>
<p>So, we checked in with some of them asking…</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h4><strong>What&#8217;s the most interesting thing you&#8217;ve found in these cores so far?</strong></h4>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“That we can correlate individual sedimentary beds (cycles) 100s of miles between our drill sites. It’s an essential step in finding how the Mediterranean overflow behaved and changed through time.”</p>
<p><strong>-Trevor Williams, EPM</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_40724" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40724" style="width: 533px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-40724" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-27-at-15.59.48.png" alt="" width="533" height="269" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-27-at-15.59.48.png 1184w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-27-at-15.59.48-300x152.png 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-27-at-15.59.48-1024x517.png 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Screenshot-2024-01-27-at-15.59.48-768x388.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40724" class="wp-caption-text">Image of the surface of a sediment core, and an X-ray image of the same core showing pyritized burrows. Credit: IODP</figcaption></figure>
<p>“I think the most interesting thing I&#8217;ve seen in our cores so far are pyritized burrows. The thing is you can&#8217;t really see what they look like under the sediment unless they show up on the X-ray scan. So, when we look at a core, we might see some nodules of pyrite and some spots indicating a trace fossil, but the X-ray will show the actual burrow network if the trace fossil has been infilled with pyrite or a different sediment than the host material. If the infill is denser than the surrounding sediment (like pyrite), it shows up dark on the X-ray scan. Chondrite is usually visible as spots on the split surface of the core, and occasionally you can see a branch in the trace fossil, but seeing the entire network of the burrow is really cool.”</p>
<p><strong>-Patty Standring, Sedimentologist</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“As a geophysicist that has a moderate experience with drilling and coring, what surprised me in the cores overall is how homogeneous and unchanging the sediments look to the eyes. On seismic profiles and other measured physical properties data we see a lot of boundaries and variations that are, most of the time, impossible to detect by the naked eye.”</p>
<p><strong>-Fadl Raad, Physical Properties</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_40720" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40720" style="width: 277px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img decoding="async" class=" wp-image-40720" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Turbidite-from-U1609.png" alt="" width="277" height="474" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Turbidite-from-U1609.png 596w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Turbidite-from-U1609-175x300.png 175w" sizes="(max-width: 277px) 100vw, 277px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40720" class="wp-caption-text">Image of core showing turbidite sands. Credit: IODP</figcaption></figure>
<p>“Turbidite sands in U1609, that record the movement of coarse grain material from shallower water into deeper water, by gravity flows.”</p>
<p><strong>-Simon George, Sedimentologist</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“The most interesting/exciting thing for me is the cross lamination in the mud.</p>
<p>Conventionally, people generally presumed that for fine-grained (e.g., &lt; 20 micrometer) sediments, due to their rather small size, can be deposited only under rather quiet environments through suspension settling. However, about 15 years ago, flume experiments (the flume lab from which I got my Ph.D.) revealed that fine-grained sediments can also be deposited under running water conditions and that they form the same sedimentary structure (ripples) as sands. <span style="font-size: medium;">In ancient sediments, the mud ripples are expressed as cross lamination, which not only tells us that these fine-grained sediments were deposited under relatively energetic flowing conditions, but this is also the first time (I believe) that mud ripples are documented in the deepwater deposits in the cores.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><strong>-Zhiyang Li, Sedimentologist</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“The most interesting thing for me is evidence for an outflow during the salinity crisis &#8211; there&#8217;s been a lot of debate on this over the past few decades.”</p>
<p><strong>-Udara Amarathunga, Micropaleontologist</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“We found a dolostone in the core catcher at the bottom of Hole U1610A! This was our deepest recovered sample and the most different lithology of all the cores. Dolomite might be my favorite rock/mineral. We do not yet fully understand how it forms, even though people have been studying it for over a hundred years. There is a hilarious (but actually good) paper title on the topic: &#8220;Failure to Precipitate Dolomite at 25 degrees C from Dilute Solution Despite 1000-Fold Oversaturation after 32 Years&#8221;.”</p>
<p><strong>-Clara Blättler, Inorganic Geochemist</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>“Void space gas. Watching some cores fizz like champagne was spectacular.”</p>
<p><strong>-Sarah Feakins, Organic Geochemist</strong></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<item>
		<title>It&#8217;s more than a party!</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/its-more-than-a-party/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=its-more-than-a-party</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Maya Pincus]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2024 18:58:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[core curation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Microfossils]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientist Profiles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[#Exp395]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sample party]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=40698</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[written by Jennifer Field, Expedition 395 Onboard Outreach Officer &#160; Five months after the return of Expedition 395, the science...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/its-more-than-a-party/" title="Continue reading It&#8217;s more than a party!">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><em>written by Jennifer Field, Expedition 395 Onboard Outreach Officer</em></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_40700" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40700" style="width: 707px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-40700" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/395-SP-Group-photo-300x169.jpg" alt="Expedition 395 scientists gather in Bremen for the sample party." width="707" height="398" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/395-SP-Group-photo-300x169.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/395-SP-Group-photo-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/395-SP-Group-photo-768x432.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/395-SP-Group-photo-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/395-SP-Group-photo-2048x1152.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40700" class="wp-caption-text">Expedition 395 scientists gather in Bremen for the sample party.</figcaption></figure>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Five months after the return of Expedition 395, the science team has been reunited with a common goal: collecting approximately 19,000 samples from the cores taken during 395 and 395C. This reunion is delightfully termed a “sample party”. Instead of boutique cocktails and canapés, we have gathered in Bremen, Germany to extract pieces of the cores at precise intervals and locations based on the needs of the scientists. Sample requests were made months ago via a computer program which turned the scientists’ parameters into actual measurements on specific cores. It also recorded the needed volume of the sample and what type of method would be used to extract and package it. The program then created labels and QR codes for every sample. The laboratory technicians then put the labels on bags and organized the bags into batches based on the core. The cores were removed on large trolleys from the refrigerated storage unit and scientists pulled the appropriate core based on the sample bags. Scientists took every sample requested from a core regardless of whether it was for them or not.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_40701" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40701" style="width: 222px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-40701 size-medium" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-222x300.jpg" alt="Dr. Sid Hemming grins as she holds up a box of bagged-up samples." width="222" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-222x300.jpg 222w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-758x1024.jpg 758w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-768x1038.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-1136x1536.jpg 1136w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-1515x2048.jpg 1515w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sid-with-samples-scaled.jpg 1894w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 222px) 100vw, 222px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40701" class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Sidney Hemming</figcaption></figure>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Depending on the research objectives of the scientist, the samples varied in volume and collection method. Dr. Sidney Hemming has four main projects. One of these is to fully explore the benthic stratigraphy from 0-2.5 million years ago; while other scientists from the party are focusing on older samples, Dr. Hemming would like to be able to explain the apparent difference in the rates of accumulation during this time period. To do this, she had samples of 20 ccs taken roughly every four centimeters down the length of the cores during this time period. Dr. Hemming will also try to discover whether or not there is geochemical evidence in the sediments that mark the initiation of glaciation. Another objective of hers is to try to determine what the sand layers that were found in the cores from the east coast of Greenland (site 1602) can indicate about the history of the Greenland margin from the most recent glacial period to the Oligocene (30 my). This may include erosion history, climate changes, previous glaciation, and tectonic changes from the rifting which originally formed the North Atlantic basin. One last interest of hers is to study Glauconite. Glauconite is a mineral found in ocean sediments typically described as being formed in shallow marine environments. Dr. Hemming is unsure of the veracity of this assumption, as the distinct mineral is often found in deep ocean sediments. She hopes to clear up some of the mystery.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_40702" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40702" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-40702 size-medium" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tom-with-samples-225x300.jpg" alt="Dr. Tom Dunkley-Jones smiles as he hoists a heavy-looking bag of samples." width="225" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tom-with-samples-225x300.jpg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tom-with-samples-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tom-with-samples-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tom-with-samples-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tom-with-samples-scaled.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40702" class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Tom Dunkley-Jones</figcaption></figure>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr. Tom Dunkley-Jones is researching biomarkers, in the form of alkenones, left by microscopic organisms called coccolithophores. Due to the processing of these samples, they must be protected from the soft plastic sample baggies, which give off similar chemicals during processing. These 20 &#8211; 30 cc samples were wrapped in foil before being put into the baggies. Through analyzing these samples, Dr. Dunkley-Jones hopes to look at the long term temperature change in the North Atlantic. Coccolithophores create alkenones (a type of fat) of different saturations depending on the temperature of the water that they are living in. By analyzing the saturation of the alkenones found in the fossilized organisms, a corresponding temperature can be inferred. This information is critical as current climate models are tested on the Pliocene climate and the initial indication is that they have not accurately predicted the ocean temperature. The models have predicted a cooler temperature than what has been found using this proxy data. The data from Expeditions 395 &amp; 395C will add to the strength of the existing data for this time period.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The analysis of samples from these two expeditions will be ongoing for years to come and hopefully will lead to exciting discoveries for the 395 scientists and their colleagues.</span></p>
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		<title>Expedition 395 is (Finally) Beginning</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/expedition-395-is-finally-beginning/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=expedition-395-is-finally-beginning</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jennifer Field]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Jun 2023 09:12:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biostratigraphy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History of Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Microfossils]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[#Exp395]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=39856</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[There is so much about this expedition that is amazing. Originally submitted as a proposal in 2004, Expedition 395 has...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/expedition-395-is-finally-beginning/" title="Continue reading Expedition 395 is (Finally) Beginning">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="font-weight: 400;">There is so much about this expedition that is amazing. Originally submitted as a proposal in 2004, Expedition 395 has been a 19-year journey for two of our researchers, Anne Briais who is a co-chief scientist onboard and the other, Bramley Murton, who is part of the onshore team. The proposal was resubmitted after a site survey in 2015 and was finally scheduled in 2020 as Expedition 395 for the summer of 2021. Because of the COVID -19 restrictions in place, the researchers were not allowed onboard for that expedition. It was named Expedition 395C and was run with a full cohort of laboratory technicians and one scientist in the science party, Leah LeVay, who was also the expedition project manager. Because of the reduction in personnel, some of the sites were not cored fully and the samples that were recovered had to continue to be analyzed at IODP (located at Texas A&amp;M University). In the spring of 2022, the 395 Science Party travelled to College Station, Texas from all over the world and continued the analysis.</p>
<figure id="attachment_39855" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39855" style="width: 275px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-39855" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Picture1-275x300.png" alt="" width="275" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Picture1-275x300.png 275w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Picture1.png 477w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39855" class="wp-caption-text">Members of the Exp 395 Science team (from L &#8211; Deborah Eaton, David McNamara, Chia-Yu Tien, Nicholas White, and Bramley Murton) work at IODP in College Station, TX to describe core from Exp 395C, a trip they were not allowed to take due to COVID-19 Restrictions.</figcaption></figure>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The opportunity for the 395 team to go out and collect additional core this summer is more than welcome. These scientists have had the opportunity to analyze data from the 395C cores and that insight will help them understand the new core. The expedition is also planning to core a new location east of Greenland on the Eirik Drift. Expedition scientists are hoping to find some answers about the V-shaped Ridges and V-shaped Troughs that are found on either side of the Reykjanes Ridge. In addition to that, they will be examining the sediments in the Gardar, Bjorn, and Eirik drifts for clues to the changing deep ocean currents and ancient climates.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Dense cold water from the Arctic Ocean flows south through the Iceland-Faroe Ridge and the Denmark Strait into the North Atlantic. The height of the sea floor in these area influences the volume and speed of the water flowing through them. The data collected from the drifted sediments to the south will give scientists a good look at the history of the deep-water current strength because the faster the water flows, the coarser the sediments deposited become. By analyzing the composition of the minerals and microfossils of the deposit, the science team can determine its provenance (roughly where it came from and how old it is).</p>
<figure id="attachment_39859" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39859" style="width: 171px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-39859" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/1554-seft-sediment-deformation-171x300.png" alt="" width="171" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/1554-seft-sediment-deformation-171x300.png 171w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/1554-seft-sediment-deformation.png 360w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 171px) 100vw, 171px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39859" class="wp-caption-text">A section of the core taken from the Bjorn Drift ice 1554 showing different types of sediment that have been deposited and then mixed</figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_39860" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39860" style="width: 186px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-39860 size-medium" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/U1554-Bioturbation-Mottling-186x300.png" alt="" width="186" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/U1554-Bioturbation-Mottling-186x300.png 186w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/U1554-Bioturbation-Mottling.png 389w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 186px) 100vw, 186px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39860" class="wp-caption-text">A segment of core from site 1554 from the Bjorn Drift showing evidence of algal blooms (white layers)</figcaption></figure>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The data obtained from the sediment in the 395C cores dates back to ~12.7 million years ago. This data gives an indication how the gateways from the Arctic to the North Atlantic have changed over this period of time. This may link to the activity of the mantle plume beneath Iceland because as the plume becomes more active, the seafloor around Iceland rises and inhibits the passage of water from the Arctic. The decrease of the cold bottom water from the north influences the water chemistry and therefore the habitat for many marine organisms. These historical changes may give a glimpse of what is to come as the ocean water warms due to climate change.</p>
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		<title>Voices of Expedition 397: Part 2</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/voices-of-expedition-397-part-2/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=voices-of-expedition-397-part-2</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Amy Mayer]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Dec 2022 07:18:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Life at Sea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Microfossils]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paleomagnetism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paleontology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientific Outreach]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientist Profiles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ship's Log]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[STEM Careers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP397]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[scientists]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[STEM careers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[women in science]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=39254</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Throughout the expedition, I have been recording short conversations with people onboard. I&#8217;ve done this in English and then, where...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/voices-of-expedition-397-part-2/" title="Continue reading Voices of Expedition 397: Part 2">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Throughout the expedition, I have been recording short conversations with people onboard. I&#8217;ve done this in English and then, where appropriate, also asked the person to share the same story in an additional language. I edited these conversations into short narratives and paired them with a few photos and ambient sound so they could be shared as videos. They&#8217;ve been on social media (Twitter and/or Facebook, depending on length).</p>
<p>This is the second of two blog posts, with six people featured in each. Each blog post contains more than six videos because all languages are included. You can find Part 1 <a href="https://joidesresolution.org/voices-of-expedition-397-part-1/">here</a>.</p>
<p>On this page you&#8217;ll find: William Clark, Sophie Hines, Louise Dauchy-Tric (French), Jasmin Link (German), Chuang Xuan (Chinese) and Bubba Attryde.</p>
<div style="width: 640px;" class="wp-video"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');</script><![endif]-->
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<div style="width: 640px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-2" width="640" height="1138" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Sophie-Hines-carbon-audiogram.mp4?_=2" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Sophie-Hines-carbon-audiogram.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Sophie-Hines-carbon-audiogram.mp4</a></video></div>
<div style="width: 1200px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-3" width="1200" height="675" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Louise-English.mp4?_=3" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Louise-English.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Louise-English.mp4</a></video></div>
<div style="width: 854px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-4" width="854" height="480" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Louise-French.mp4?_=4" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Louise-French.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Louise-French.mp4</a></video></div>
<div style="width: 1200px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-5" width="1200" height="675" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jasmin-Link-English.mp4?_=5" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jasmin-Link-English.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jasmin-Link-English.mp4</a></video></div>
<div style="width: 1200px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-6" width="1200" height="675" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jasmin-German.mp4?_=6" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jasmin-German.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jasmin-German.mp4</a></video></div>
<p>Chuang Xuan, University of Southampton, UK</p>
<div style="width: 1200px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-7" width="1200" height="675" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chuang-Xuan-English-compressed.mp4?_=7" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chuang-Xuan-English-compressed.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chuang-Xuan-English-compressed.mp4</a></video></div>
<p>Chuang Xuan, University of Southampton, UK (Chinese)</p>
<div style="width: 1200px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-8" width="1200" height="675" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chuang-Xuan-Chinese-compressed.mp4?_=8" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chuang-Xuan-Chinese-compressed.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chuang-Xuan-Chinese-compressed.mp4</a></video></div>
<div style="width: 1080px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-39254-9" width="1080" height="1080" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Bubba-audiogram-2.mp4?_=9" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Bubba-audiogram-2.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Bubba-audiogram-2.mp4</a></video></div>
<p>A note on methods: I first used a platform called Audiogram to create these, tweaking as I went until I found a template I liked. I also added captions after the first few. Then, Audiogram didn&#8217;t work for a while so I switched to designing my own version using Adobe Premiere Pro (which is an incredibly sophisticated video-editing software that I only know how to use at a very basic level). It allows for more photos, which is nice. I went back to Audiogram for the last one, just to see whether it was really working again. (It is, and Bubba’s is a gem!)</p>
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		<title>Let’s do that again – but faster!</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/lets-do-that-again-but-faster/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=lets-do-that-again-but-faster</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Amy Mayer]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Nov 2022 08:26:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geological time]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Microfossils]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paleomagnetism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ship's Log]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[core]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[core lab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drill sites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP397]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Expedition 397 has arrived at the second site, which in IODP lore is officially called U1587. From the deck of...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/lets-do-that-again-but-faster/" title="Continue reading Let’s do that again – but faster!">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Expedition 397 has arrived at the second site, which in IODP lore is officially called U1587. From the deck of the ship looking out at the ocean, the view is… essentially unchanged from the first stop. But the ocean here is about 1000 meters shallower, which means the whole operation of drilling into the sediment and pulling up cores goes faster. That presents the opportunity to drill even deeper. The goal here is to drill 500 meters into the sediment below the seafloor, and to do that in four successive holes.</p>
<p>At our last site, we pulled up sediment from about 350 meters below the seafloor and it proved to be much older than the carefully calculated estimates created with seismic data. The expedition science goals include extending existing paleoclimate records from about 1.5 million years ago to perhaps 3-5 million years ago, but the team now has mud that may date to about 14 million years ago, or possibly even older (it will take additional shore-based studies to refine the age estimate).</p>
<p>Put in geologic terms, they hoped to drill into the Pliocene and maybe reach the Miocene, but they found themselves in the mid-Miocene.</p>
<p>Now at the second site, the operations will be quite similar but the cores will come on deck a lot faster, perhaps as often as every 45 minutes to an hour, compared to every hour to 1.5 hours at our old home, U1586. The actual time to get the core liner filled up with sediment once it’s in the hole is similar, but in shallower water there’s less transit time between the seafloor and the ship.</p>
<p>While at the first site, each lab group worked to refine their methodologies and get themselves into a smoothly operating routine. In anticipation of getting cores at this new, faster pace, some teams spent the short period between sites strategizing for efficiency. The sedimentologists who describe the cores have worked together enough now to have agreements on exactly when to use certain specific terms &#8212; something that at first required gathering together for discussions and finding consensus. They’ve also defined how to estimate percentages of different characteristics. For example, their descriptions will say how much of a section is “clay” or “nannofossil ooze.” And they&#8217;ve reached agreements about when a core section can be described as a unit versus when it needs to be described in more detail.</p>
<p>Anticipating that the cores’ appearance and make-up will not diverge hugely from the ones at the last site, the team is feeling pretty confident they can describe faster this time to keep up with the pace. Plus, they don’t expect to make any more changes to their templates, which was necessary earlier and also costly in time.</p>
<p>The paleomagnetists conduct two types of analyses. One is a scan of each core section and the other involves taking cube-shaped samples and putting them through the same instrument. Each has its place. In the first hole of the first site, they took many cube samples. Now they know approximately where the expected reversals in polarity will be. Their plans for this site involve taking fewer cubes. They maintain the option to take additional cube samples at places where they expect reversals, if they want to and have time.</p>
<p>The geochemistry lab expects to be quite backed up for a while as this quicker pace of core recovery gets underway. But, their regimen of sampling and analyzing doesn’t have to happen for each of the holes. That means they have plenty of time to make their way through backed-up samples while cores are coming up at the second, third and fourth holes. The story is similar for the micropaleo team, which will be inundated with material at first and then will work through all the core catchers of the first hole as drilling continues.</p>
<p>Even if the new pace poses some challenges, enthusiasm remains high and the scientists have been buoyed by their successful recovery of more than 95% of the mud they aimed for at the first site. Lab groups have coalesced into strong teams and all systems are as ready as can be. By the time we get to the final site – where the water is about 1300 meters deep compared to around 3500 meters here – they should be prepared for a frenetic final few weeks of the expedition.</p>
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		<title>Core, Flowing (Video)</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/core-flowing-video/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=core-flowing-video</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[MGarnsworthy]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 May 2022 06:42:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physcial Properties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[STEM Careers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[catwalk]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[core flow]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[core lab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP390]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[machines]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=38296</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Core, Flowing, Video 7 in the #EXP390Story series, describes the core flow process and shows how the drilling team, technicians,...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/core-flowing-video/" title="Continue reading Core, Flowing (Video)">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="p1"><em>Core, Flowing</em>, Video 7 in the #EXP390Story series, describes the core flow process and shows how the drilling team, technicians, and scientists all work together to achieve a common goal: drilling, retrieving, processing, and analyzing sediment and rock cores.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p>The numbers on the video correspond to the explanations below.</p>
<div style="width: 1200px;" class="wp-video"><video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-38296-10" width="1200" height="675" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/mp4" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Video-7-Core-FINAL.mp4?_=10" /><a href="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Video-7-Core-FINAL.mp4">https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Video-7-Core-FINAL.mp4</a></video></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p1"><b>1</b> The <i>JOIDES Resolution</i> is a scientific ocean drill ship. It drills deep into the seafloor to retrieve cylinders of sediment and rocks called cores. Scientists use these cores to learn about Earth in the past, including past climate, changes in the physical Earth, and geohazards such as earthquakes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><b>2</b> The “doghouse” is where the drillers operate the drilling equipment.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><b>3</b> “Roughnecks” work on the rig floor and do the physically demanding work of moving the parts of the drill pipe and the core themselves. (“Iron roughneck” is also the name of the mechanic device that connects the pieces of drill string.) The core barrel arrives on the rig floor. Inside is the thick plastic core liner filled with sediment or rock.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>4 </b>On the catwalk, technicians receive the 9.5-meter cores, cut them into manageable 1.5-meter lengths, cap them, and curate them. They also facilitate all aspects of the science teams’ work in the labs and beyond. All the technicians are also trained scientists.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><b>5</b> It is cold deep below the seafloor. Sediment cores stay in this rack until they reach ambient temperature, which can take several hours. This wait is so the physical properties, which can appear different at colder temperatures, do not change further after measuring.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>6</b> Cores are cut into two halves: an archive half and a working half. The archive half is described and then stored for posterity. The working half is used for samples for scientific analysis.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><b>7</b> The core lab has all sorts of machines. These are some of them.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>A</strong> TK04: Measures thermal conductivity—how well a sample can conduct heat—in sediment and crust, which is a physical property dependent on chemical composition, porosity, density, structure, and fabric of the material. Heat flow is used to estimate the age of ocean crust and help understand fluid circulation processes within the seafloor.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong> The SHMSL: measures light reflectance and magnetic susceptibility<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong> The NGR measures natural gamma radiation emissions. Gamma rays are emitted during decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium isotopes found mainly in clay minerals in sediment. These measurements are used for correlation between cores, holes, and wireline log data in addition to providing insight into sediment composition and chemical processes at the seafloor.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>D</strong> The SHIL: takes a detailed image in RGB values</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>E</strong> Super Conducting Rock Magnetometer: measures the magnetization of sediments and rocks using sensors cooled to a superconducting state (-269 C) with liquid helium. Paleomagnetics gives ages for sedimentary sections and provides important insight into geomagnetic field behavior and environmental change.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><b>8 </b>The science team is always busy, too, and different kinds of scientists work in a variety of ways that we’ll explore in upcoming videos.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>9</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Finally, the cores are carefully wrapped, cased, boxed, and stored in the refrigerated hold. Our cores will be taken to and kept in the core repository in Bremen, Germany. The working half will be further sampled on shore by our team. Scientists around the world who wish to use this sediment will be able to request it after our one-year moratorium has passed. The archive half will remain pristine and untouched forevermore.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>10</strong>The <i>JOIDES Resolution</i> never sleeps. Science operations continue 24 hours a day, and every person onboard works a 12-hour day, 7 days a week, for the entire 8-week expedition. The various teams on the ship work in concert to achieve our goals, and all are equally important, from the crew including the drilling team, to the technicians, stewards, and the scientists themselves. Revealing Earth’s secrets from the sediment and rocks below the seafloor is truly an international team effort.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1">These diagrams show our core flow process in more detail for both sediment and basement rock. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-38299" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.37.10-AM-300x270.png" alt="" width="544" height="490" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.37.10-AM-300x270.png 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.37.10-AM-1024x922.png 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.37.10-AM-768x692.png 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.37.10-AM.png 1148w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-38298" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.36.42-AM-300x284.png" alt="" width="493" height="467" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.36.42-AM-300x284.png 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.36.42-AM-1024x971.png 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.36.42-AM-768x728.png 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-12-at-8.36.42-AM.png 1044w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Knock Knock Knockin’ on Basement Door</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/knock-knock-knockin-on-basement-door/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=knock-knock-knockin-on-basement-door</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Maryalice Yakutchik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2022 08:13:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geological time]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[#392]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP392]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=37903</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Drilling sets my teeth on edge. It conjures hours spent with dentists, orthodontists, and memorably, an endodontist who root canaled...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/knock-knock-knockin-on-basement-door/" title="Continue reading Knock Knock Knockin’ on Basement Door">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Drilling sets my teeth on edge.</p>
<p>It conjures hours spent with dentists, orthodontists, and memorably, an endodontist who root canaled the wrong tooth.</p>
<p>It’s not just the sound. I once wielded a power tool, 30 years ago. Not long after installing shelves in my home office closet, I noticed curious dark spots widening around the dozen holes that I had drilled with vigorous precision. “You hit the main drainpipe line of the house,” my husband observed, confirming that I had struck water a dozen times.</p>
<p>He’s a patient man, a mechanical engineer. He’d love the drill floor of the JR. I do too, despite my fraught history.</p>
<p>It’s a carnival of sound and color; a spectacle both shiny and grimy. There are roughnecks and even a barker of sorts: a driller who distinctly rolls his “r” when he calls out, “Core on deck!”  Once in a while, someone is suspended in midair, inspecting the derrick’s upper reaches.</p>
<p>Crowded with heavy equipment and moving machinery, it’s hazardous terrain for interlopers. Lots of guys working on the JR drill floor have been here for decades. They have vast knowledge. And they have the <em>feeling</em>, too, which informs them as much as anything about what to do when.</p>
<p>“The scientists tell us what they want—sometimes top layers of the sea floor, other times rocks from deeper down—and we work out the most efficient and safest way to get if for them,” says tool pusher Glenn Barrett. After seven years on the JR, he still considers himself a new guy.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-37907 alignright" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5496-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="567" height="426" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5496-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5496-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5496-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5496-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5496-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px" /></p>
<p>“Can I step there?” I ask.</p>
<p>I want to know if it’s ok for me to get a close-up peek at the hole. It looks like drill pipe is moving up and down through it, but that’s an illusion, Glenn explains. The pipe is stationary. It’s the ship that’s riding the Southern Ocean’s swells.</p>
<p>I inch closer, fixated on the hole. It goes clear down through the bottom of the JR. The fact that we don’t sink confounded me and at least one alert first-grader who broached the subject during a ship-to-shore virtual tour, prompting a quick lesson in equilibrium.</p>
<p>More properly referred to as the moonpool, the opening in the center of our ship allows ready access to the water and seafloor below. It’s among the JR’s more discreet marvels, situated as it is under a tower that rises 60 meters above waterline. In exchange for making us top-heavy, the derrick supports a million pounds of weight. This is key to our 24-7 operation of sending up to 6,500 meters of drill string through a series of connected iron pipes, down to the ocean floor, in water depths up to 6,000 meters.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-37906 alignleft" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5891-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="543" height="408" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5891-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5891-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5891-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5891-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5891-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px" /></p>
<p>At the end of that apparatus today is a massive drill bit that’s rotary coring into basalt located more than 400 meters below sea floor. The thinking is that perhaps we have hit the elusive basement of the Agulhas Plateau.</p>
<p>These past weeks were a lesson in patience for the igneous petrologists. They’ve suffered through long days and nights of sediment recovery, including lots of enigmatic green stuff, a gift that looks nothing like what anybody wanted.</p>
<p>Their anticipation was keen enough to prompt Joerg Geldmacher to write two haiku:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Waiting for basement.<br />
</em><em>If it does not show up soon<br />
</em><em>I will go balloon.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">&#8212;&#8212;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Still no basement reached<br />
</em><em>Just the old green stuff again<br />
</em><em>Why am I here then?</em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Exacerbating his pain is the fact that the penetration rate now is much slower than it was with piston core drilling through softer stuff: a tedious one-meter-per-hour, compared with 10 times that rate in sediment.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">The last core took six-plus hours to drill—more than half the night shift.</p>
<p>No matter.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-37909 alignleft" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5645-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="357" height="268" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5645-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5645-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5645-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5645-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IMG_5645-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px" /></p>
<p>If being on a ship full of people who speak in geological timescales teaches you anything, it’s that all good things take millennia.</p>
<p>“We’re getting remarkably long sections of recovery,” Peter Davidson enthuses. “It’s fresh!”</p>
<p>Fresh, as in unaltered, he clarifies, in case you were wondering how millions-of-years-old black basalt can be declared fresh.</p>
<p>The bottom line: Expedition 392 is reveling in rock.</p>
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		<title>Meet the Exp391 Lab Teams!</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/meet-the-exp391-lab-teams/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=meet-the-exp391-lab-teams</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Maya Pincus]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2022 18:11:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Microfossils]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paleomagnetism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physcial Properties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plate Tectonics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientist Profiles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[STEM Careers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Volcanoes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[core flow]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP391]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[meet the scientists]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Now that we have core on deck, life on the JOIDES Resolution is wildly different. While quarantined in port, you...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/meet-the-exp391-lab-teams/" title="Continue reading Meet the Exp391 Lab Teams!">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="p1">Now that we have core on deck, life on the <i>JOIDES Resolution</i> is wildly different. While quarantined in port, you could find us wandering around aimlessly, playing cards, eating too many cookies, and counting down the minutes to our next COVID test (because there was NOTHING else to look forward to). We lived in a crescendo of alternating despair and ennui.</p>
<p class="p1">Now that we have core on deck, life on the <i>JOIDES Resolution</i> is wildly different. We no longer bump into each other as we pace the hallways, wondering if there is a purpose to us existing on the boat, or even on the planet. We found our motivation, our driving force, the reason we said good-bye to our loved ones to live at sea for sixty days.</p>
<p class="p1">NOW.</p>
<p class="p1">WE.</p>
<p class="p1">HAVE.</p>
<p class="p1">CORE.</p>
<p class="p1">We are ready to do what we came here to do.</p>
<p class="p1">What’s so striking about this endeavor is just how unique our samples are. Right now, we are the only humans on the entire planet who have access to these rocks. If it weren’t for ocean drilling, people would have to wait hundreds of millions of years for the rocks to <em>maybe</em> be uplifted from below the sea. In all likelihood, these rocks would be subducted, melted down and recycled, and never ever exposed in a place on Earth’s surface where they could be observed.</p>
<p class="p1">With the power of exclusive access to these one-of-a-kind materials comes great responsibility. Our role while at sea is to prepare these cores in a way that enables not just us, but the entire world, to carry out investigations that will push the bounds of scientific knowledge. The rig floor is not the only part of this ship that is a well-oiled machine. Each of the Expedition 391 scientists has a very specific purpose within the lab to make sure that all the data we need is collected thoroughly, accurately, and as efficiently as possible.</p>
<p class="p1">Read on to meet the <strong>Doers of Science</strong>, the conduits between the ocean floor and the greater scientific world. Presenting… the LAB TEAMS OF EXPEDITION 391.</p>
<figure id="attachment_37631" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37631" style="width: 338px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-37631" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2066-225x300.jpeg" alt="" width="338" height="450" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2066-225x300.jpeg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2066-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2066-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2066-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2066-scaled.jpeg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37631" class="wp-caption-text">From left to right: Sharmonay, Ethan, Katie</figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em><strong>Physical Properties: </strong>Physical properties and downhole measurements are the very first step to understanding sediment and rock recovered from Walvis Ridge, which means that physical properties scientists get the very first glimpse of the core. Physical properties scientists scan cores in a variety of instruments (much like a cat scan) for data such as density, moisture content, and P-wave velocity. Next, they combine these data with downhole wireline logs to build a framework for understanding all other scientific observations made during Expedition 391. Are physical properties and downhole measurements important? Of cores!</em></p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Sharmonay Fielding (University of Namibia)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></li>
<li class="li1">Dr. Katherine Potter (Utah State University)</li>
<li class="li1">Ethan Petrou (Oxford University)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37642" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37642" style="width: 143px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-37642" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simone_Pujatti-143x300.jpeg" alt="" width="143" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simone_Pujatti-143x300.jpeg 143w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simone_Pujatti-488x1024.jpeg 488w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simone_Pujatti.jpeg 610w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 143px) 100vw, 143px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37642" class="wp-caption-text">Simone Pujatti</figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>FEATURED ONSHORE SCIENTIST: Simone Pujatti (University of Calgary). Simone is actively supporting the efforts of the offshore petrophysics team by writing and reviewing methodology and site reports. Additionally, he will be helping remotely with data management with the successful drilling of each hole.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37633" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37633" style="width: 390px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-37633" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2246-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="390" height="292" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2246-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2246-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2246-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2246-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2246-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37633" class="wp-caption-text">From left to right: Jesse, John, Wendy, Mbili, David, Mike</figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p1"><em><strong>Core Description:</strong> Core description scientists will look at the sea floor sediments and underlying volcanic rocks to help figure out the history of the seamounts, from their initial volcanic formation to later covering by ocean sediments. By determining which types of rocks and sediments are found at the drill sites, the core loggers can understand how the volcanoes grew and became eroded with time.</em></p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Dr. David Buchs (Cardiff University)</li>
<li class="li1">Dr. Wendy Nelson (Townson University)</li>
<li class="li1">Jesse Scholpp (University of Tennessee)</li>
<li class="li1">Dr. John Shervais (Utah State University)</li>
<li class="li1">Mbili Tshiningayamwe (University of Namibia)</li>
<li class="li1">Dr. Mike Widdowson (University of Hull)</li>
<li>ONSHORE Dr. Rajneesh Bhutani (Pondicherry University)</li>
<li>ONSHORE Dr. Chun-Feng Li (Ocean University)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37643" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37643" style="width: 169px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-37643" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carote-IODP-2-214x300.jpg" alt="" width="169" height="237" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carote-IODP-2-214x300.jpg 214w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carote-IODP-2.jpg 260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37643" class="wp-caption-text">Giacomo Dalla Valle</figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>FEATURED ONSHORE SCIENTIST: Dr. Giacomo Dalla Valle (ISMAR-Bologna). Giacomo is offering support to the part of the description of the sedimentary and volcanoclastic rocks, which are &#8220;above&#8221; the volcanic basement. Through the interpretation of photographs, and of their schematic logs he will help the colleagues on board in transcribing their observations and making their supporting figures.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37634" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37634" style="width: 286px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-37634" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2263-225x300.jpeg" alt="" width="286" height="381" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2263-225x300.jpeg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2263-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2263-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2263-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2263-scaled.jpeg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 286px) 100vw, 286px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37634" class="wp-caption-text">From left to right: Aaron, Arianna</figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p1"><em><strong>Micropaleontology:</strong> Micropaleontologists will look at fossil content in cored sediments to reconstruct a depositional history the area. Specifically, calcareous nannofossils and foraminifera are great fossil groups for determining the age of the sediment, as well as examining the paleoenvironments, paleoclimate, and even paleoecology of a region. On a large scale, marine microfossil assemblages can be excellent indicators of major climatic shifts, responding to crucial climate perturbations such as the onset of the Antarctic circumpolar current (Eocene/Oligocene boundary) and the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum.</em></p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Aaron Avery (Florida State University)</li>
<li class="li1">Arianna Del Gaudio (University of Graz)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37636" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37636" style="width: 421px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-37636" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2223-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="421" height="316" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2223-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2223-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2223-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2223-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2223-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37636" class="wp-caption-text">From left to right: Harsha, Mark (pmag technician), Claire, Kevin</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1"><em><strong>Paleomagnetism:</strong> Paleomagnetists study the magnetic field of the Earth recorded in ancient rocks to learn about the motion of the Earth and the evolution of its magnetic field. The known ages of regular reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field allow us to refine rock ages in conjunction with fossil and radiometric data. Studying magnetization directions on this expedition will help uncover how the Earths’ tectonic plates and deep interior moved relative to the Earth’s axis of rotation. Studying the strength of the magnetization in the volcanic rocks will also allow us to better understand the evolution of the Earth’s magnetic field and the liquid iron outer core that generates it.</em></p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Dr. Claire Carvallo (Sorbonne Université)</li>
<li class="li1">Kevin Gaastra (Rice University)</li>
<li class="li1">Dr. Sriharsha Thoram (University of Houston)</li>
<li class="li1">Dr. Sonia Tikoo (Stanford University)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37637" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37637" style="width: 400px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-37637" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2242-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="400" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2242-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2242-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2242-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2242-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IMG_2242-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37637" class="wp-caption-text">From left to right: Yuhao, Seunghee, Yusuke</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1"><em><strong>Geochemistry:</strong> Shipboard geochemists look into chemical compositions of various materials, including porewater, sediments, gases and igneous rocks we retrieved from drilling. The geochemical signatures of these materials can tell us about the chemical reactions occurred in water-sediment-rock systems. These reactions help us understand the environment these sediment/rocks are formed, their preservation conditions, as well as the material transport between different material components of the Earth. These geochemistry works lay the foundation for further studies onshore. Ultimately, we geochemists use these pieces of information to understand how various parts of the earth work and evolve.</em></p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Yuhao Dai (Lund University)</li>
<li class="li1">Dr. Seunghee Han (GwangJu Institute of Science and Technology)</li>
<li class="li1">Yusuke Kubota (Tokyo Institute of Technology)</li>
<li>ONSHORE Dr. Cornelia Class (Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory)</li>
<li>ONSHORE Dr. Stephan Homrighausen (GEOMAR)</li>
<li>ONSHORE Dr. Xiao-Jun Wang (Northwest University)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Mike and David are also&#8230; <em><strong>Volcanologists:</strong> Why does the expedition need volcanologists when we are drilling the sea floor&#8230;? What does a volcanologist do anyway &#8211; surely they should be looking at pointy, smoky volcanoes about to erupt..? Truth is volcanologists are a wide and varied group of scientists looking at a wide range of Earth&#8217;s phenomena that give rise to, and follow on from an eruptive event. There are many types of &#8216;volcanoes&#8217; &#8211; the most common are not necessarily the pointy, smokey ones, but those that bubble and fizz, and erupt continuously on the ocean floor &#8211; so we very rarely see them, or are even aware they exist. These are part of the fiery &#8216;breathing&#8217; of the planet, and ultimately are part of the story that drives the continents about the surface of our planet. So, this is the job of the volcanologists aboard our ship, to try and understand and build a story of the ancient seafloor volcanoes that we are about to drill &#8211; the cores we get will be like a story line telling us of the dying days of ancient sea volcanoes &#8211; our challenge is read their story from the rocks, and then tell it&#8230;</em></p>
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		<title>To drill, or not to drill</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/to-drill-or-not-to-drill/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=to-drill-or-not-to-drill</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Maya Pincus]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 2021 17:28:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biostratigraphy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paleomagnetism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plate Tectonics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ship's Log]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Volcanoes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[debate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EXP391]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hotspot]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=37579</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The definitive guide to the drill sites of Expedition 391 In the original plan of IODP Expedition 391, six primary...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/to-drill-or-not-to-drill/" title="Continue reading To drill, or not to drill">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>The definitive guide to the drill sites of Expedition 391</h3>
<figure id="attachment_37580" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37580" style="width: 296px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-37580 size-medium" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Exp391-Drill-Sites-296x300.png" alt="" width="296" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Exp391-Drill-Sites-296x300.png 296w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Exp391-Drill-Sites-1011x1024.png 1011w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Exp391-Drill-Sites-768x778.png 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Exp391-Drill-Sites.png 1074w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37580" class="wp-caption-text">Walvis Ridge bathymetry, fixed hotspot age models, previous drill sites, and proposed drill sites. Red circles = proposed primary drill sites. From the Exp391 Scientific Prospectus.</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1">In the original plan of IODP Expedition 391, six primary drill sites were identified as locations to collect samples. Together, sediments and rocks from these six locations were to provide ample data to help scientists meet the objectives of the cruise. Our scientific goals are twofold: (1) to determine whether the volcanism of the Walvis Ridge hotspot track was influenced by one, two, or even three mantle plumes, and (2) to investigate whether evidence of true polar wander is preserved in the rocks of Walvis Ridge.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1">The story behind these six locations, and the order in which we were to reach them, is surprisingly fraught, with complications caused by territorial claims and even a solar eclipse. Now that our expedition has been delayed by more than two weeks, the story is even more complicated. It is no longer possible to reach all six sites in the time we have left. This means we need to make some sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p1">Over the past several days, the Expedition 391 science party has been meeting to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of each sampling location, to decide which sites are imperative to our objectives and which can be given up. The conversations have been based in science, and take into account several factors including the availability of usable preexisting data, maximizing recoverable core, and personal research projects.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1">This is a guide to each of the sites, in the order of the original plan to visit them. The descriptions are based on the original <a href="http://publications.iodp.org/scientific_prospectus/391/">Expedition 391 Scientific Prospectus</a>, as well as conversations with scientists in different fields of geoscience. By sharing this information with you, we are hoping to make our thinking transparent, and invite you to participate in the science with us as we do our best to decide where to sample.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37589" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37589" style="width: 263px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-37589 " src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0629-225x300.jpeg" alt="" width="263" height="351" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0629-225x300.jpeg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0629-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0629-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0629-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0629-scaled.jpeg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37589" class="wp-caption-text">Paleontologist Arianna del Gaudio defends her choice of a site with a thick sediment package. From Maya Pincus.</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1"><strong>VB-12A: </strong>This site is located on the southeast side of Valdivia Bank. It has a seafloor depth of 3667 meters below the surface. In this location, the sediment is 293 meters thick above the volcanic basement rock. The drilling plan for this site is to use just one bit, which will allow us to penetrate 100 m into the basement.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1">This site is preferred by our micropaleontologists because it has a thick layer of sediments, which means we will be able to find plenty of fossils that will allow us to determine the ages of the rock layers, and will also give us a more thorough record of paleoclimate changes over time. A thick layer of sediments is important also due to our drilling process. Since this expedition is focused primarily on lava flows, which produce hard igneous rock, we will be utilizing rotary core barrel (RCB) drilling. The thicker the sediment layer, the more likely it is that the lower sediments will be lithified, and therefore more likely to be recovered by the RCB process.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p class="p1">VB-12A is also the preferred site for paleomagnetists, who are here to interrogate rocks of the Walvis Ridge to calculate a precise paleolatitude of the mantle plume hotspot that formed the ridge. This paleolatitude can be compared to preexisting models of hotspot migration and true polar wander, to give more insight into the processes that led to paloelatitude shifts. This site is ideal for this aspect of the investigation because it formed ~85 million years ago, which is when a true polar wander event is hypothesized to have occurred.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>FR-1B: </strong>This site is the northernmost site of the expedition, located in a region known as Frio Ridge. It has a seafloor depth of 3259 meters below the sea surface, and a sediment thickness of 171 m. With an age of ~100 million years, it is the oldest site. The original plan was for this to be a two-bit hole, allowing us to drill 250 m into the igneous basement.</p>
<p class="p1">The Frio Ridge site is scientifically interesting because it is the closest site to the Namibian continental shelf. For micropaleontologists, this means that there may be both marine and terrestrial inputs to the fossil record. For geochemists, the possible influence from continental sources provides an opportunity to learn more about the long term processes that determine mantle composition and behavior.</p>
<p class="p1">Previous data from this region indicate that, though the sediment package is relatively thin, it spans the greatest length of time. A wide age range in these sediments will allow scientists to develop a high-resolution interpretation of changes to ocean conditions and climate over time.</p>
<figure id="attachment_37592" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37592" style="width: 634px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-37592 " src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0733-2-300x141.jpeg" alt="" width="634" height="298" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0733-2-300x141.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0733-2-1024x480.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0733-2-768x360.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0733-2-1536x720.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0733-2-2048x960.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37592" class="wp-caption-text">The conversation continued even as we geared up for Christmas. From Maya Pincus.</figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>VB-14A: </strong>This site is located on the western side of the Valdivia Bank, with a seafloor depth of 3046 meters below the sea surface. The sediment layer is 310 m thick. This site is also a one-bit site, allowing for recovery of up to 100 m of igneous basement rocks.</p>
<p class="p1">Given that this site is also on Valdivia Bank, it is important to the story of the strange morphology of the Walvis Ridge. We know that a mantle plume was involved in its formation, but the story is complicated by the fact that it is not a “string of pearls” seamount chain like classic hotspot tracks.</p>
<p class="p1">Studying the paleomagnetism and the geochemistry of the rocks from this location will help decipher the elusive history of this unusual oceanic plateau. The more data we have, the more likely we will be able to determine the extent of interaction between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the mantle plume that formed the Walvis Ridge. This will also provide evidence to test the hypothesis that the ridge formed contemporaneously with a microplate, which would have affected volcanism in the region.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37594" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37594" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-37594" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0620-300x225.jpeg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0620-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0620-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0620-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0620-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0620-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37594" class="wp-caption-text">It is not always easy to coordinate between the individual plans of over twenty scientists. From Maya Pincus.</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1"><strong>TT-4A: </strong>This site is part of what we refer to as the Tristan track, which is the chain of seamounts that stretches from the southern tip of Valdivia Bank to the Tristan da Cunha islands. The site has a seafloor depth of 3465 meters below the sea surface, and a sediment thickness of 152 m. We will also limit our drilling to one bit at this location, so we aim to recover 100 m of volcanic basement from this site.</p>
<p class="p1">Sampling the Tristan track is crucial to our goal of determining the degree to which the Walvis Ridge is geochemically zoned. The data from this site, along with data from CT-4A and GT-4A, will show how many distinct mantle plume sources contributed to the formation of the three seamount tracks in the south of the Walvis Ridge.</p>
<p class="p1">Geochemical analyses have already been carried out on samples dredged from the sea floor at several locations along the Tristan track. However, seafloor dredging is a comparatively imprecise method, as there is little control over sample selection. Drilling will allow us to collect data to determine how the geochemistry at one location has changed over time, which will provide valuable insight into the dynamic behavior of the plume or plumes that formed the Walvis Ridge.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37588" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37588" style="width: 262px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-37588" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_1030-225x300.jpeg" alt="" width="262" height="350" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_1030-225x300.jpeg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_1030-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_1030-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_1030-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_1030-scaled.jpeg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 262px) 100vw, 262px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37588" class="wp-caption-text">Paleomagnetist Dr. Sonia Tikoo explains the geological importance of her preferred site. From Maya Pincus.</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1"><strong>CT-4A: </strong>This site is located in the central track, the chain of seamounts between the Tristan track and the Gough track. It is our youngest site, and with a seafloor depth of 4436 meters below the sea surface, it is also our deepest site. The sediment thickness at this location is 278 m. This is also intended to be a two-bit hole, allowing for drill penetration up to 250 m below the seafloor.</p>
<p class="p1">Samples from this location are considered by many to be the most important in answering the question of the mantle source that contributed to the formation of the Walvis Ridge. Preexisting data indicate that the Tristan track and the Gough track are geochemically distinct, which means that they come from two unique mantle sources. What we do not yet know is the origin of this central track. Was it formed by a third mantle plume in the region? Does it represent some sort of mixing between the Tristan plume source and the Gough plume source? Answering these questions will help scientists to develop more detailed models for overall mantle behavior.</p>
<p class="p1">This site is also important to paleomagnetists, as it formed around the same time as the bend in the Hawaii-Emperor Chain (read more about this <a href="https://joidesresolution.org/not-all-hotspots-who-wander-are-lost-exp391-science-objectives-part-2/">here</a>). Paleolatitude interpretations of the rocks at this site will help tell the story of true polar wander in the early Cenozoic.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure id="attachment_37602" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37602" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-37602" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0722-225x300.jpeg" alt="" width="225" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0722-225x300.jpeg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0722-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0722-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0722-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IMG_0722-scaled.jpeg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37602" class="wp-caption-text">Namibian Observer Dr. Mbili Tshiningayamwe weighs in. From Maya Pincus.</figcaption></figure>
<p class="p1"><strong>GT-4A: </strong>This site is located along the Gough track, the chain of seamounts that spans the southern tip of the Valdivia Bank to Gough Island. It has a seafloor depth of 2370 meters below the sea surface, and a layer of sediments 302 m thick. As a one-bit hole, we plan to recover up to 100 m of igneous rock at this location.</p>
<p class="p1">Along with samples from TT-4A and CT-4A, rocks from this location will provide the data necessary to interpret the mantle plume behavior that resulted in the three chains of hotspot seamounts rather than just one track. As one end-member in geochemical story (with the Tristan track as the other end-member), comparative analyses will help us interpret the geologic history of the central track.</p>
<p class="p3">Several dredge samples were also collected from along the Gough track, meaning that geochemical data is available, though it lacks the high resolution that is provided by a drill core. This site is also the source of concern to our scientists interested in sediments, as seismic data indicate that faulting in the area caused sediments to slump. This means that the original order of deposition has been disturbed, which will complicate the interpretation of the layers.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Tune into our social media accounts to follow our journey and see which sites we decide to drill!</p>
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		<title>Relics of Climate Change Past May Help the Present</title>
		<link>https://joidesresolution.org/relics-of-climate-change-past/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=relics-of-climate-change-past</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Mara]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Oct 2021 03:59:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geological time]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History of Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physcial Properties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientific Outreach]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sedimentology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Volcanoes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[#carbondioxide]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[#EXP396]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[#scicomm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[basalt]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[56 million years ago, as Greenland began to split away from Europe, huge flows of lava built up in what...  <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/relics-of-climate-change-past/" title="Continue reading Relics of Climate Change Past May Help the Present">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>56 million years ago, as Greenland began to split away from Europe, huge flows of lava built up in what is now the North Atlantic. This event, which created layers of basalt over 6 kilometers thick, may have spurred extreme global warming at the time. Today, the same rocks might help us avert another global warming event.</p>
<p>Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have been churning out massive amounts of carbon dioxide and other emissions that have undeniably altered the global climate. Today we’re facing increases in global temperatures unseen since Eocene, 56 million years ago.</p>
<p>At that time, average global temperatures rose significantly in a relatively short geologic timescale. Known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM, some scientists think this hothouse period was caused by abnormally high amounts of volcanic activity. This volcanic activity created widespread underground magma deposits that generated large volumes of Earth-warming greenhouse gases as they interacted with organic materials in the sediments above them.</p>
<p>The JOIDES Resolution is sailing off the coast of Norway to investigate this connection with Expedition 396. But it’s also looking at the potential to use the rocks made during the last global warming period to help us in the present one.</p>
<p>For several decades, scientists have been investigating the possibility of capturing excess carbon and sequestering, or storing, it away from the atmosphere. One growing option is to lock it away in rocks.</p>
<p>There are a few ways to put carbon dioxide in rocks. Typically, either pure carbon dioxide or water carbonated with carbon dioxide&#8211;like a giant bottle of sparkling water&#8211;can be pumped into underground reservoirs where it sits in pools. Although effective, this method keeps the carbon dioxide as a liquid, which means it remains mobile and could escape if the system were destabilized or a seal was breached.</p>
<p>Another option is mineral storage. Some rocks like basalt&#8211;a rock formed from cooled lava&#8211;have a strong reaction with carbon dioxide. When components of basalt, like olivine or basaltic glass, are exposed to carbon dioxide, the two undergo a chemical reaction that crystalizes the carbon dioxide into a mineral. By pumping carbonated water into basaltic rocks, this method can permanently lock up carbon dioxide into a solid form that can’t escape.</p>
<figure id="attachment_37462" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-37462" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-37462" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vesicularbasalt-225x300.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="300" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vesicularbasalt-225x300.jpg 225w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vesicularbasalt-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vesicularbasalt-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vesicularbasalt-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vesicularbasalt-scaled.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-37462" class="wp-caption-text">This example of a vesicular basalt&#8211;meaning one with lots of remnant gas bubbles or holes&#8211;shows where carbon could be stored in such rocks.<br />Credit: John Millett</figcaption></figure>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>Companies like Iceland’s onshore <a href="https://www.carbfix.com/">CarbFix</a> and others <a href="mailto:https://www.sccs.org.uk/expertise/global-ccs-map">around the world</a> are already sequestering carbon dioxide in this way. Initial findings have shown this process happens <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610211008253?via%3Dihub" class="broken_link">much faster</a> than expected&#8211;taking only years to mineralize instead of staying in a fluid state for potentially thousands of years in less reactive reservoirs.</p>
<p>While such operations are projected to lock down potentially millions of tons of carbon annually, it’s currently no match for the gigatons of carbon dioxide humans are pumping into the atmosphere annually. So scientists are searching for more locations to store carbon dioxide in basalt.</p>
<p>Suboceanic lava flows that could potentially store carbon dioxide exist around the world&#8211;off the coasts of UK, Norway, Brazil, India, and Australia to name a few. These locations have all been probed with seismic imaging, revealing vast expanses of basalt. But no one yet knows how much of these areas are formed by appropriate basalt for large scale carbon capture and storage.</p>
<p>To lock away carbon dioxide, basalt formations need to be porous&#8211;meaning there are lots of solidified open bubbles and fractures for the carbon dioxide to mineralize within the rock&#8211;and permeable, so that the carbon dioxide-laced water can filter through. In many cases, basalt has already soaked up a lot of carbon dioxide, so potential storage sites also need clean, unladen basalt.</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" title="IODP Exp 396 - Porous basalt" width="1200" height="675" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yLsduM9-6bs?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p><em>This video shows how incredibly porous some of the basalt samples collected with the JR are. This is promising for good carbon storage. Video by Peter Betlem</em></p>
<p>To figure out the capability of these offshore volcanic areas, scientists aboard the JR are taking basalt rock samples from deep below the ocean. By testing the physical characteristics of the rock&#8211;like density, porosity, and permeability&#8211;they’re hoping to develop models that match basalt with good storage potential to mappable signatures in seismic data. The aim is to use these models to improve the future appraisal of basalt carbon capture and storage targets from seismic data prior to drilling expensive test wells.</p>
<p>So far, the rocks recovered with the JR have shown good porosity and in many cases are clean of previous carbon dioxide mineralization. That’s a good sign for onboard scientist John Millett, who is hopeful that findings from this cruise will lead to expanding future carbon storage in basalt formations. After the expedition, Millett and collaborators will undertake detailed studies of the basalt samples retrieved by the JR to test their reservoir potential, including permeability measurements and carbon dioxide reaction tests. With that data he and his colleagues will be able to construct models and map the potential for carbon storage off the coast of Norway and further afield.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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