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<title>temperature – JOIDES Resolution</title>
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<link>https://joidesresolution.org</link>
<description>Science in Search of Earth's Secrets</description>
<lastBuildDate>Sun, 10 Nov 2019 17:47:54 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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<title>temperature – JOIDES Resolution</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org</link>
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<item>
<title>The Origin of Life, And Other Stories</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/the-origin-of-life-and-other-stories/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-origin-of-life-and-other-stories</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andreas Teske]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sun, 10 Nov 2019 17:47:54 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Guaymas Basin]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Life at Sea]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[petrology]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Scientific Outreach]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Volcanoes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Birthday]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[chemistry]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[EXP385]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Guaymas]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[life]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[rocks]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[temperature]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org/?p=35965</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is another day and life on the JR goes on. More rock samples are chiseled to bits in the... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/the-origin-of-life-and-other-stories/" title="Continue reading The Origin of Life, And Other Stories">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="attachment_35975" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-35975" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-35975" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nov7tequilabar-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nov7tequilabar-300x225.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nov7tequilabar-768x576.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nov7tequilabar-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nov7tequilabar.jpg 1360w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-35975" class="wp-caption-text">Credit: Andreas Teske.</figcaption></figure>
<p>It is another day and life on the JR goes on. More rock samples are chiseled to bits in the anaerobic glove box; new sediment cores collected close to the mound of Ringvent are processed and sampled; and piled-up samples are furiously analyzed. The deadline for drilling will come on Sunday, no matter what. Here, methane wizard Jeanine, technician Micheal Bollen, and Phys Props DJ Florian Neumann prepare new vials for gas sampling — they will be needed soon. Note, this only looks like a bar, but it is not. These guys are putting saltwater into small sampling bottles, not preparing Tequila shots.</p>
<p>By mid-morning, an unusual object is noticed on the core table where some of yesterdays cores [sills from hole 1547E] are laid out for inspection and sampling. Is it a mineral?</p>
<figure id="attachment_35967" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-35967" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-35967" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7IvanowithHammer-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7IvanowithHammer-300x225.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7IvanowithHammer-768x576.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7IvanowithHammer-1024x768.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-35967" class="wp-caption-text">Credit: Andreas Teske.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ivano thinks that there is no better examination tool than a hammer to crack tough minerals. Louise would like to place a paleomagnetism sampling flag and weeps for the beautiful sample that will be blown to bits…</p>
<p>However, we remember in time that abiotic condensation reactions on hydrothermal rock surfaces have most likely generated the macromolecules that constitute the essential building blocks of life… therefore this mineral concretion, although obviously calcite-encrusted, may be biogenic after all. An astonishing surprise! Everyone would like a sample and is planting sampling flags.</p>
<figure id="attachment_35966" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-35966" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-35966" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7BeautifulEgg-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7BeautifulEgg-300x225.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7BeautifulEgg-768x576.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7BeautifulEgg-1024x768.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-35966" class="wp-caption-text">Credit: Andreas Teske.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Louise and Myriam are strongly attracted to this specimen; it answers the “chicken and egg†question firmly in favor of the latter.</p>
<p>Two floors down in the galley, a birthday is being celebrated; it is Rodrigo’s turn. Not a trace of midlife crisis, round-number syndrome etc; Rodrigo merely wishes to be reunited with his dog, Conan, as he is blowing out the candle. Conan’s picture is up on the stairwell, the very picture of canine endearment.</p>
<figure id="attachment_35970" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-35970" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-35970" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7RodrigosBirthday-1-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7RodrigosBirthday-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7RodrigosBirthday-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7RodrigosBirthday-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-35970" class="wp-caption-text">Credit: Andreas Teske.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Here is Conan is all his rugged handsomeness. He is well cared for, but waiting for his master… it is really time for this cruise to end.</p>
<p>The last blog entry today is from the temperature probe lab.</p>
<figure id="attachment_35971" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-35971" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-35971" src="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7SETtoolbent-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7SETtoolbent-300x225.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7SETtoolbent-768x576.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Nov7SETtoolbent-1024x768.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-35971" class="wp-caption-text">Credit: Andreas Teske.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Here, marine instrument gurus Mike Meiring and Randy Gjesvold have recovered one of their SET-2 temperature probes after its last deployment. The probe is designed for tough sediments, but has actually split the basalt of the Ringvent sill and recorded the in-situ temperature. Now we have the in-situ temperature for the basalt itself, and it is perfectly compatible with thermophilic microbes. The probe is commended for its heroic service and may go into the IODP museum — this cruise is producing display items at an alarming rate.</p>
<p>No sunset picture, sorry. The rain clouds have pulled up over the mountains of Baja and there is not much to see. Tomorrow perhaps…</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>This blog post <a href="https://expedition385.wordpress.com/2019/11/08/nov-7-the-origin-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-slimstat="5">first appeared</a> on Nov. 7 on my daily blog of EXP385. Make sure to go to <a href="https://expedition385.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-slimstat="5">expedition385.wordpress.com</a> to read the latest updates of this expedition!</em></p>
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<title>Watch ‘Old meets New’ – how we used the ‘lost art’ of rope splicing in our high-tech subseafloor observatory</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/old-meets-new-how-we-used-the-lost-art-of-rope-splicing-in-our-high-tech-subseafloor-observatory/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=old-meets-new-how-we-used-the-lost-art-of-rope-splicing-in-our-high-tech-subseafloor-observatory</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aliki Weststrate]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Apr 2018 15:45:06 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Earthquakes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Physcial Properties]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Plate Tectonics]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[borehole]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[CORK observatory]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Exp375]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[geochemistry]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Hikurangi Subduction Margin]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Hikurangi Subduction Zone]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[hydrothermal]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[subseafloor observatories]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Subseafloor Observatory]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[tectonic plate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[tectonics]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[temperature]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[Watch Patrick Fulton explain how he learnt the ‘lost art’ of rope splicing to connect the chemistry instrument (‘ososampler’) and... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/old-meets-new-how-we-used-the-lost-art-of-rope-splicing-in-our-high-tech-subseafloor-observatory/" title="Continue reading Watch ‘Old meets New’ – how we used the ‘lost art’ of rope splicing in our high-tech subseafloor observatory">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h6>Watch Patrick Fulton explain how he learnt the ‘lost art’ of rope splicing to connect the chemistry instrument (‘ososampler’) and temperature sensors to ‘weak links’.</h6>
<p>The rope splicing allowed us to adjust the length of each instrument package to sit at exactly the right depths in the fault zone (below, within and above the fault), which we had found out from coring the borehole just days beforehand. The rope was <strong>401 meters</strong> long, so Patrick spent many hours calculating the strength and length the rope and separate splices had to be.</p>
<p>Patrick is an Assistant Professor at Texas A&M University (earthquake physics, geophysics, hydrogeology) and is an Observatory specialist on Expedition 375.</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" width="1200" height="675" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SDZE1UwB-Ds?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
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<title>Deep in the Hikurangi Subduction Zone</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/deep-in-the-hikurangi-subduction-zone/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=deep-in-the-hikurangi-subduction-zone</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aliki Weststrate]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sat, 07 Apr 2018 15:33:19 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Earthquakes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Geochemistry]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Geological time]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[History of Earth]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Microfossils]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Paleomagnetism]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Physcial Properties]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Plate Tectonics]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Tsunami]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Volcanoes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Australian Plate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Exp375]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[fluids]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[fossils]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Hikurangi Subduction Zone]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Pacific Plate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[pressure]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Rock cycle]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[slow slip events]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[subduction zone]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[temperature]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[Click on the location icons to read more. The Google Map may not work in all web browsers – if you... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/deep-in-the-hikurangi-subduction-zone/" title="Continue reading Deep in the Hikurangi Subduction Zone">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h6><strong><a href="http://iframe%20src=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/embed?mid=1xPP7h5ubyiDmEqopc61AS_iyld2_J1Vy%20width=640%20height=480/iframe"><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/embed?mid=1xPP7h5ubyiDmEqopc61AS_iyld2_J1Vy" width="640" height="480" data-mce-fragment="1"></iframe></a></strong></h6>
<p><em><strong>Click on the location icons to read more. </strong></em><em><strong>The Google Map may not work in all web browsers – if you are having trouble use Google Chrome.</strong></em></p>
<p>It’s Week 4 and we’re halfway through expedition #375 to study the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. Time is flying! We finished installing New Zealand’s first sub-seafloor observatory (successfully I may add!) a few days ago. Now we’re sitting 90 km east of Gisborne at our second coring site – U1520.</p>
<p>The water depth is 3522 m and is deeper than our first Site (U1518) because we are further out from the coastal platform and in a deep ocean basin.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-27802" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Site-2-on-computer-map-1024x764.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="448" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Site-2-on-computer-map-1024x764.jpg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Site-2-on-computer-map-300x224.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Site-2-on-computer-map-768x573.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p>
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<h4><strong>Our mission here:</strong></h4>
<p>On the map here you can see where we are at Site U1520, which sits at the base of <strong>T</strong><strong>Å«ranganui Knoll</strong>. This knoll has a rounded-top and sits on the margin of the Hikurangi Plateau approximately 100km east south-east of Gisborne. It’s an isolated seamount which rises to 2740m from a depth of 3600m. More on seamounts in our next blog…</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-27801" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/map-on-wall-Site-2-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/map-on-wall-Site-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/map-on-wall-Site-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/map-on-wall-Site-2-1024x682.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p>
<p>We are collecting sediment cores from up to 1050 mbsf deep (mbsf means meters below seafloor), to study the state and composition of the material here. This material is currently part of the Pacific tectonic plate and it will eventually (over millions of years) be carried westward as the Pacific Plate moves into the trench, as if it were on a conveyor belt.</p>
<p>Some of the sediment will be dragged under (subducted) the Australian plate. The rest will be bulldozed and become part of the ‘accretionary’ wedge – this is a mass of sedimentary material scraped off the Pacific oceanic crust during subduction and piled up at the edge of the Australian continental crustal plate. You can see it in the coloured map here as the purple, bluish, and green ‘hillsides’ leading up to U1517.</p>
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<p> </p>
<h4><strong>The geological ‘before and after’</strong></h4>
<p>Understanding what this ‘proto’ or ‘input’ sediment is made of and how it behaves BEFORE it is dragged into and above the fault zone means we can compare the two sites. We can conduct experiments on this ‘input’ material by putting it through fluid and pressure tests to mimic what might happen to it as it is transported by the subduction “conveyor belt†deep into the slow slip source area of the fault zone.</p>
<figure id="attachment_27803" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27803" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-27803" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Plate-Boundary-block-model_Darren-DCruz_GNS-2-300x223.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="223" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Plate-Boundary-block-model_Darren-DCruz_GNS-2-300x223.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Plate-Boundary-block-model_Darren-DCruz_GNS-2-768x571.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Plate-Boundary-block-model_Darren-DCruz_GNS-2-1024x761.jpg 1024w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Plate-Boundary-block-model_Darren-DCruz_GNS-2.jpg 1305w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27803" class="wp-caption-text">Image courtesy of GNS Science</figcaption></figure>
<p>We are also measuring and recording its current state (lithology, fossil types, paleomagnetic properties, temperature, porosity, density, shear strength, and chemistry).</p>
<p>All the experiments we are doing now in the JOIDES Resolution labs we will continue and extend back on land. The tests should show us how this ‘input’ material might behave once it is subjected to the forces of the megathrust zone 20km west of here. It might also shed light on why there are slow-slip events in this region too.</p>
<h4><strong>Our research questions:</strong></h4>
<ul>
<li>Are the rocks and sediments here near the seamount unusual? What are they made of?</li>
<li>Are they dense and compacted out here in the basin at U1520, and do they release fluid as they are heated and buried on the way into the fault zone and slow slip area?</li>
<li>How does this incoming sediment react when it comes under increasing friction as it nears the subduction zone?</li>
<li>Will all of it be subducted, or will some be bulldozed onto the hanging wall above?</li>
</ul>
<h4><strong>What are we seeing here in the cores? </strong></h4>
<p>The cores we are bringing up are getting progressively older the deeper we get, and we know this from the type of fossils the palaeontologists are seeing under their microscopes – which is no surprise. But what is most noticeable to the untrained eye (i.e., mine) is how hard and brittle this core is compared to our first site above the fault zone.</p>
<p><strong>Â Â Â Â <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-27804" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/basalt-and-pumice-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/basalt-and-pumice-300x200.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/basalt-and-pumice-768x512.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/basalt-and-pumice-1024x683.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-27805" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4030-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4030-300x200.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4030-768x512.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4030-1024x683.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â </strong><strong>Â </strong></p>
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<p> </p>
<p>There the core was quite wet and soft <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-27799" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4044-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4044-300x200.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4044-768x512.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_4044-1024x683.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />and it was easy for the scientists to get samples out themselves using small cylinders and tubes. Here the technicians are having to use the circular saw to cut the samples for them.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Â </strong></p>
<p><strong>Â </strong></p>
<p><strong>Â </strong></p>
<p><strong>Â </strong></p>
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<title>The stages of Te Matakite’s installation</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/the-stages-of-te-matakites-installation/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-stages-of-te-matakites-installation</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aliki Weststrate]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Apr 2018 16:19:11 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Earthquakes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Plate Tectonics]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[borehole]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[chemistry]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Exp375]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Hikurangi Subduction Zone]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[observatory]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Plate-Tectonics]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[pressure]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[science]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[slow slip events]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Subseafloor Observatory]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[technology]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[temperature]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//?p=27710</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Our first observatory on Expedition 375 is one of the most complex ever installed because instrument packages have to fit in the... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/the-stages-of-te-matakites-installation/" title="Continue reading The stages of Te Matakite’s installation">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Our first observatory on Expedition 375 is one of the most complex ever installed because instrument packages have to fit in the narrow casing, inside each other. This happened in stages over the course of about eight days. Thankfully the sea was calm and we were successful!</p>
<h4><strong><u>Stage 1: Te Matakite is measuring fluid pressure at different depths in the borehole</u></strong></h4>
<p>To measure how fluid moves and changes during slow slip earthquakes we designed pressure sensors to go down first. We lowered casing (the pink pipe in the image below) into the seafloor, guided by a re-entry cone (grey funnel) already deployed. The casing has 3 tubes (shown by the turquoise lines in this image) strapped to it that are connected to pressure sensors (orange zones) at three different depths: <strong>above, within, and below the fault zone.  </strong></p>
<figure id="attachment_27753" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27753" style="width: 541px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-27753" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/First-stage-ACOrk-diagram-P-Fulton-1.jpg" alt="" width="541" height="316" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/First-stage-ACOrk-diagram-P-Fulton-1.jpg 541w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/First-stage-ACOrk-diagram-P-Fulton-1-300x175.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27753" class="wp-caption-text">In the first stage, pressure sensors are strapped to three different depths on the casing and lowered into the borehole.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>To see crew strapping on the pressure sensors in the ‘umbilical’ tubing, watch this <a href="https://joidesresolution.org//exp-375-site-u1518-pressure-tubing-umbilical/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">video</a> <strong>Â </strong></p>
<p>Once the tubing is in place, the valves are closed at the top and the whole assembly is lowered to the seafloor. Seen here in this video:</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" width="1200" height="675" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HOgExZ74fx8?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<h4><strong><u>Stage 2: Te Matakite also measures temperature and chemistry changes in the fault zone</u></strong></h4>
<p>To monitor temperature and chemistry changes in the borehole, the borehole must be isolated. This information will greatly add to our understanding of what happens in the fault zone during slow slip earthquakes.</p>
<p>We did this by closing the top of the hole with a “wellhead†and the bottom of the hole with a “bridge plugâ€. In addition, we further isolated the fault zone with packers (black horizontal bars). These are long elements made of rubber material that will expand once it is submerged in water and will seal off the fault interval inside the casing from the intervals above and below it. Once this was done, we lowered in even narrower casing (yellow pipe) and a second smaller wellhead.</p>
<figure id="attachment_27755" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27755" style="width: 285px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-27755 size-full" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/bridge-plug-etc.jpg" alt="" width="285" height="216" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27755" class="wp-caption-text">Image by Patrick Fulton (Observatory specialist on #375)</figcaption></figure>
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<p>This smaller <strong>wellhead</strong> is needed to suspend the instrument string (shown by the orange rope in the diagram below) that is composed of several miniature temperature sensors (purple dots) spaced out at different depths, an OsmoSampler (green capsule; to capture fluids for chemical analyses) and Flow meter (red box; to measure fluid flow).</p>
<figure id="attachment_27754" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27754" style="width: 312px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-27754 size-full" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Stage-2-Image-by-P-Fulton-1.jpg" alt="" width="312" height="315" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Stage-2-Image-by-P-Fulton-1.jpg 312w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Stage-2-Image-by-P-Fulton-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Stage-2-Image-by-P-Fulton-1-297x300.jpg 297w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27754" class="wp-caption-text">Inserting the Osmosampler, Flowmeter and Temperature loggers. Image by Patrick Fulton (Observatory specialist)</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The rope is attached to a plug that will seal the top of the smaller inner casing, so it can remain there undisturbed to record slow slip events over time.</p>
<h4>Success!</h4>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-27760" src="https://joidesresolution.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/04/A31I1090-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/A31I1090-300x200.jpg 300w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/A31I1090-768x512.jpg 768w, https://joidesresolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/A31I1090-1024x683.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></p>
<p>The observatory team has planned this observatory for years – they are thrilled it all went well and is now in place to measure slow slip events in the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. It sounds like it was easy described and drawn like this, but remember that we are in 2640 m of water, with the steel pipe being moved about like spaghetti in the water under the ship! So, it’s an amazing engineering feat and very challenging to install one.</p>
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<h4>Collecting the data</h4>
<p>In a few years, we will return to Site U1518 with another vessel to retrieve the data using a robotic submarine, or ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle). This will connect to the wellhead with a cable and download the pressure data and send it back up to a computer on the ship. The next step is harder. To access the temperature and chemistry data and samples, we have to pull up the temperature logger and OsmoSampler string using the ship’s winch. If portions of the string are stuck and cannot come up, there are three “weak†links in the string designed to break at different forces so that a portion of the string can stay behind and the rest of it can be retrieved.</p>
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<title>GUEST BLOG: Robert Harris – Petrophysics (Physical Properties) Specialist</title>
<link>https://joidesresolution.org/guest-blog-rob-harris/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=guest-blog-rob-harris</link>
<comments>https://joidesresolution.org/guest-blog-rob-harris/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aliki Weststrate]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2018 15:46:11 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Drilling]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Earthquakes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Expeditions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Geological time]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Physcial Properties]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Plate Tectonics]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[STEM Careers]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[earthquakes]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Exp375]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[heat flow]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Hikurangi Subduction Margin]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[hydrothermal]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[seawater composition]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[temperature]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://joidesresolution.org//?p=27386</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I’m participating on IODP Expedition #375 as a physical properties and downhole tools specialist. My primary interest is in the... <div class="read-more"><a class="excerpt-read-more" href="https://joidesresolution.org/guest-blog-rob-harris/" title="Continue reading GUEST BLOG: Robert Harris – Petrophysics (Physical Properties) Specialist">Read more<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a></div>]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I’m participating on IODP Expedition #375 as a physical properties and downhole tools specialist. My primary interest is in the temperature structure of the Hikurangi margin and surrounding area. The change in temperatures through the margin reflects the energy budget associated with geologic processes. I think understanding the energy budget leads to a more complete insight into how the Earth works.</p>
<p>For example, in plate tectonics – the creation of oceanic plates at spreading centers and their destruction at subduction zones – reflects one way in which the Earth cools.</p>
<p>About 70% of the Earth’s heat loss occurs through the ocean floor and the cooling and subsidence of oceanic plates as they move away from spreading centers reflect this process. The upper layer of the oceanic crust is cooled efficiently by hydrothermal circulation.</p>
<p>It turns out that the entire volume of the global ocean circulates through the oceanic crust every few hundred thousand years. This hydrothermal circulation is important because it leads to significant exchanges of energy, mass, and solutes between the ocean and crust. These exchanges modify the chemistry of the ocean, the chemical and physical properties of the oceanic crust, and support a globally significant biosphere.</p>
<p>The Hikurangi margin is a very dynamic plate boundary and small variations in heat flow may be revealing clues as to how this margin works. For example, at many subduction zones, temperatures along the subduction thrust fault appear to play a role in governing the depth extent of seismicity. Earthquakes represent the release of stress stored in rocks, but once rocks exceed a certain temperature (~350° C) they are too weak to store elastic stress required for an earthquake.  It turns out that the deeper an earthquake can nucleate the bigger it can be, so estimating the position of the 350° C isotherm is important for both understanding geologic risks due to earthquakes and also the physics of how earthquakes work.</p>
<p>It’s very exciting to have the opportunity to investigate these questions and to be sailing on the D/V <em>JOIDES Resolution</em>. Without research ships like these, important science that we and others are doing wouldn’t be possible.</p>
<h4>BIOGRAPHY</h4>
<p>Rob Harris is a Professor of Geophysics in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University. He got his Ph.D. at the University of Utah where he studied geophysics and enjoyed skiing.</p>
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